Every time I read an article about Tartous, it starts with something like:
“Tartous is the second largest port in Syria.” What a stupid piece of information to start an informative article with. Besides, it’s wrong!
Just to be on the correct side and not out of pride, Tartous is the second largest port on the eastern Mediterranean (Alexandria having the largest basin). So the port of Tartous is indeed larger than that of Beirut, Tripoli, Banias and Lattakia. I’m just making a point; imagine starting an article on Aleppo with:
“Aleppo is the second largest airport in Syria”.
That being out of the way, let me tell you what I know about Tartous.
Tartous was founded by the Phoenicians as an agricultural satellite to the more important settlement then, the island of Aradus (Arwad). Thus, it came about during the Roman era that the original name of Tartous reflected this secondary role “Anti-Aradus”, meaning the town facing Aradus. Anti-Aradus has morphed over the years to Antaradus to Tortosa then eventually to Tartous (Tartus). At a certain time (346 AD) the city was named Constantia after Constantine who favored its Christian inhabitants over the pagans of the island. A temple in honor of the Virgin Mary was built in the city in the third century. It is believed that this temple is one of the earliest in the world honoring the Virgin. Some Christian historians even claim that St. Peter himself consecrated a church in the same location where the museum of Tartous stands today. This magnificent building was constructed in 1123 by the Crusaders who named it the “Cathedral of Our Lady of Tortosa”.

Romans, Arabs, Byzantines, Fatimids, Crusaders, Ottomans and the French played yoyo with Tartous over the course of centuries and it passed from one hand to the next, witnessing and absorbing the different cultures, true to its heritage as a city by the sea. From the Arab conquest in the 630’s on toward the final day of the presence of the crusaders in the East on 14 August 1291, Tartous was governed by, among many others, the Byzantine emperor Nicephorus II Phocas, the Fatimid Caliph Aziz, the Emir of Tripoli, the Count of Toulouse Raymond de Saint Gilles, King Baldwin IV, Nur al-Din, Saladin and Sultan Qalaun. Indeed, the last exit of the Crusaders from the east was through Tartous when the Knights Templar escaped silently to Arwad where they remained until 1303 until they ultimately withdrew to Cyprus.

Today, the old city of Tartous remains an historical treasure. It is one of the least credited sites in Syria and acknowledged mostly by western scholars, architects and historians specializing in Mediterranean cities. Known to locals as the “Saha: الساحة “, the old city is a typical example of a military garrison of Crusader architecture. It is surrounded on three sides (North, East and South) by a wide ditch, an outer wall, another ditch (
Al-Khandaq) then an inner wall. The sea reaches the feet of the outer and only wall on the west and makes the city totally closed in. The outer ditch was the first line of defense and it would be filled with sea water when the possibility of an attack was sensed. Within the walls, the crusaders built a huge banqueting hall (
Salle des Chevaliers), a chapel and a dungeon. The cathedral was built nearby, a couple of hundred meters toward the south on a hill in what had been known as the
Episcopal city. In addition to the Crusaders (the
Templars as they were known), the local inhabitants, the real Tartoussis also lived within the confines of these walls. The site was transformed by the Crusaders to become a bastion and a citadel, but it was a city nevertheless. The crusaders had long since left when the
Ottomans then the
French occupied Syria. Both had left their conspicuous marks on Tartous by adding on its Phoenician, Roman, Byzantine, Arab and Crusader heritage.

The structures and buildings of the old Saha look like a multilayered cake where the expert eye could quickly catch the successive architectural trends juxtaposed one on top of the other. The most important fact is that the people remained and Tartous has always been inhabited. The sad truth, however, is that neglect, abuse and ignorance through the years by both the local population and the government have distorted the place into a decaying dump.
All the real families of Tartous descent directly from this place. People of my generation vaguely remember their grandparents’ home within the walls of the city. Those who remained did so because they had no alternative. Like a used piece of clothing, the old city of Tartous has been passing from one socioeconomic group to another. The concentric urban expansion trend of the west toward the suburbs has taken a freak twist in Tartous and other cities in Syria and the third world. With the absence of a proper urban planning model, the expansion is more canceric in appearance and consequences. Tartous which was once a beautiful and charming city became almost
Tartarus (in Greek mythology, the lowest region of the underworld).
For an intelligent observer, traces of bygone beauty are still to be seen here and there. The discerning eye, even in the absence of reminiscence, can still attest to the splendor of past days. For many, myself included, who helplessly watched their city being maimed in vein, can only hold on to memories and the spirit of a possible resurrection, one coming day.
For further information about the history of Tartous and all other Syrian sites, I suggest “Monuments of Syria An Historical Guide” by Ross Burns, I.B. Tauris – Dummar Publisher, 1999.The three black and white pictures above come from an old collection saved by the late photographer Zanco of Tartous.The diagram of Tartus: Monuments of Syria (third edition) by Ross Burns, I.B. Tauris - Dummar Publisher, 1999, p.230P.S. I will post many of my pictures in the time to come of the old city of Tartous.